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A Victory Of Sorts For Journalism Ethics In The Previous Yugoslavia.

Serbias government-run TV RTS says sorry last week to the publics of the former Yugoslavia for serving as a propaganda tool of wartime Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic.

This move is probably going to be followed by apologies from other state broadcasters in the countries of the previous Yugoslavia as they all share accountability for enflaming ethnic animosity, although RTS perhaps more pointedly served the interests of politicians.

It's a important development on a moral level, though it's not likely to finish up in any major results for journalism or any major improvements in the field : no editors or newshounds were held accountable for their false and biased reporting, and indeed many of them remain active and influential.

The apology is the first ever issued by Serbias state broadcaster, which was one of the symbols of Milosevics time marked by wars in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo.

The stations newly designated handling board recounted its statement that during the tragic events of the 1990s, RTS with its reporting on numerous occasions hurt the feelings, moral integrity and grace of the Serbian citizens, intellectuals, members of political opposition, hacks, ethnic and spiritual minorities, as well as certain near by peoples and states.

The statement also said the content of RTS programs at the time had been purposely built to discredit the Serbian opposition and its leaders.

The apology will definitely represent a confident step toward improved relations among the nations of the Western Balkans "across the area media played a firm role in the violence. The big issue is whether the RTS apology "or the probable future apologies by state broadcasters in Croatia and Bosnia "is enough ; whether the big hitters in those media outlets should be attempted for war crimes, as their rhetoric encouraged many murders.

When he rose to power in the late 1980s, Milosevic designated trusted associates to head the national broadcaster and turned it into his regimens tool all until 2000 when he was toppled. From the beginning of the conflicts in 1991, RTS management and hacks portrayed Serbs as the sufferers of ethnic attacks in the previous Yugoslavia. This propaganda led many Serbs to volunteer for the frontline, seeking vengeance.

In 1991, while reporting from the Croatian frontlines, RTS journalists fueled anti-Croatian hysteria by saying that Croatian fighters were cutting off Serb childrens fingers and making necklaces out of them. They also reported that Croats were suffocating Serb babies with plastic bags in a nursery in eastern Croatia. The reports were later proven to be false, but the damage was done.

One witness, a Serb paramilitary volunteer, gave evidence during the Vukovar war crimes trial he had joined Serb paramilitary forces in Croatia after watching a news program in Serbia. When Vukovar slipped to the Serbs, paramilitaries snatched prisoners, taking some 2 hundred of them to a pig farm in Ovcara where they were beaten, tortured and finished. Their bodies were later found in mass graves.

In 2009, Serbian prosecutors initiated inquiries against a few journalists and editors from pro-Milosevic media for inflaming reporting during the 1990s.

Serbias Special War Crimes Prosecutors Office has launched an initial investigation into the task of reporters in inciting war crimes in the previous Yugoslavia in the 1990s, concentrating on reporting on atrocities in Vukovar in Croatia, and the Bosnian city of Zvornik. While prosecutors announced they'd have preliminary results within two months, in late 2009, the job proved more challenging than anticipated. The Serbian Prosecutors Office said the aim wasn't to persecute journalists, but to create whether there were elements of illegal activity in reporting.

Naturally, it wasn't only RTS that contributed to the spreading of ethnic hate ; a number of other media outlets like daily newspapers Politika and Vecernje novosti, and the Tanjug reports agency served as the as mouthpieces of the Milosevic regime. They enjoyed all the privileges of the regime, including the exclusiveness of reporting from war zones.
Neither was Serbian media alone in this practice.

Though no debate has been launched on this issue in Croatia and Bosnia, there isn't any doubt that the wartime media outlets in both countries will also need to answer some hard questions. With the RTS apology out there, the world community will expect others to follow. Serbia is working diligently to win EU applicant standing this year and is under pressure to show that it is moving away from the jingoist impulses that drove those wars.

Most likely, ex-Yugoslavian media won't face any war crimes probes at the Hague-based International Criminal Tribunal for the previous Yugoslavia (ICTY), as media did in the case of the genocide in Rwanda. It'd be difficult for prosecutors to establish firm links between wartime reporting and war crimes, and the challenge of establishing that correspondents purposively incited atrocities in previous Yugoslavia will probably go unmet.

Most lately, a Bosnian investigative newshound was sacked after photographs was released on the internet of him reporting for the Bosnian Serb radio station from Srebrenica on the day the city was engulfed by the Bosnian Serb army. In the footage, Slobodan Vaskovic and his associates were interviewing an elderly Bosnian Muslim prisoner, driving him to say the Bosnian Serb military was liberating the town from the mujahideens and therefore the Bosniak military had committed atrocities against Serbs in the towns surrounding Srebrenica.

It might be unfair to accuse Vaskovic and other writers for the Srebrenica massacre, but such reporting actually could have influenced members of the Serb regular and paramilitary forces to seek vengeance and escalate the conflict. Many of these wartime writers and editors remain public figures, some working in media outlets as writers, newshounds and trainers of a younger generation of writers, while the others are professors and even ambassadors. The inquiry into the extent of their role in the conflicts definitely should be conducted in full , and the general public must be aware of who they are. This is particularly important as public broadcasters in all 3 nations continue to provide biased, unsourced and highly selective reporting, particularly when it comes to issues of war crimes and their neighbors.

Excerpts from previous Yugoslav wartime media :
-"It appears that Muslim extremists invented the most monstrous crime on the planet. Yesterday evening they fed Serb children to the lion at the Sarajevo Zoo." RTS broadcasted this story by their Bosnian correspondent, Rada Djokic, in 1992 after a tipoff from Bosnian Serb squaddies from the frontline.
-"Muslims are still in Makarska." Bosnian Croat Smiljko Sagolj reported this for Croatian television after many Bosnians sought refuge in the Croatian resort city after the beginning of the Bosniak-Croat war. One day after the story was broadcast, a bomb exploded in a Bosnian refugee camp near Makarska.
-"Every Muslim should pick a Serb to kill when the time comes." A Bosniak ( Bosnian Muslim ) journalist wrote this in the magazine "Zmaj od Bosne," which is associated with the primary Bosniak Party for Democratic Action (SDA).
-"Turk girls claim that we rape them, but just lately in a refugee camp one of the rape victims gave birth to a black child." Bosnian Serb anchor Risto Djogo expounded during a Bosnian Serb TV (SRT) reports broadcast as reported tagza.com.
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1352 Establishments: Saint Archangels Monastery, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Engelgarten Charterhouse $14.14 Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The Saint Archangels Monastery (Serbian: -or -, Manastir Svetih Arhangela -or Arhanela-) is a Serbian Orthodox monastery located in Prizren, in southern Kosovo. It was founded by the Serbian emperor Stefan Uro IV Duan of Serbia, and built between 1343 and 1352, on the place of the earlier church, part of the Viegrad fortress complex. It was built as burial church for the Emperor Duan, and it represented the culmination of the Serbian sacral archritecture style, that lead to the birth of the Morava school style. Inside the complex, which ranges over approximately 6,500 m², are two churches, dedicated to Saint Archangels (which was Duan's tomb), and Saint Nicolas, both built in the Serbian Raka Architectural Style, although, like Visoki Deani monastery, regarding time of the construction, and some architectural elements, it may belong to the Vardar Architectural Style. The monastery was looted and annihilated after the Ottomans arrived in 1455, and in 1615 it was rased to the ground, and its material was used for the construction of the Sinan Pasha Mosque in Prizren. The entire complex was archeologically explored in 1927, and its remains were conserved after Second World War. During the last decade of the 20th century work on the reconstruction was continued, and in 1998 it again became an active male monastery. After the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia and retreat of the Yugoslav army forces, reconstructed objects were burned and looted in June 1999, by the members of KLA, after the KFOR arrival. During the 2004 unrest in Kosovo, the monastery was burned and looted again. The entire monastery complex is under protection of the Republic of Serbia, as a Monument of Culture of Great Importance, and today in the monastery lives a brotherhood of... More:

1941 In International Relations $45.01 Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: States and Territories Established in 1941, Treaties Concluded in 1941, Treaties Entered Into Force in 1941, Los Santos Province, Independent State of Croatia, Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong, German-soviet Border and Commercial Agreement, Serbia, Reichskommissariat Ukraine, Reichskommissariat Ostland, Pindus Principality, Soviet-japanese Neutrality Pact, Kingdom of Montenegro, Province of Ljubljana, Banat, Hellenic State, Sikorski-mayski Agreement, Republic of Užice, Governorship of Dalmatia, Chaa-Kholsky Kozhuun, Anglo-Soviet Agreement, Minimum Age Convention, 1937, Posavje Great Parish, Mexico City. Excerpt: Banat region, 1941-1944The Serbian Banat was a political entity established after occupation and partition of Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis Powers . It existed from 1941 to 1944. Banat was formally part of Axis protectorate of Serbia , but all power within the region was in the hands of the local ethnic German minority. Regional civilian commissioner was Joseph-Sepp Lapp. Following the defeat of Axis Powers in 1944, this German-ruled region was revoked and most of its territory was included into Vojvodina , one of the two autonomous provinces of Serbia within the new SFR Yugoslavia .History War crimes against Serbs, Jews and Roma Although the region was formally a part of Axis protectorate of Serbia , it was ruled by the German army. The Germans instituted anti-Jewish measures immediately after the German invasion and occupation of Yugoslavia . The Jewish population of the city of Zrenjanin was rounded up and sent to the Ta majdan concentration camp near Belgrade where they were executed. In September 1941, there was a mass hanging of Serbian and Jewish civilians. Jews were also forced into labor battalions to do forced work for the German occupation