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Tilapia by jekky
Etymology
The common name tilapia is based on the name of the cichlid genus Tilapia, which is itself a latinization of thiape, the Tswana word for "fish." Scottish zoologist Andrew Smith named the genus in 1840.
Tilapia zilli ("St. Peter's fish") - typical serving in a Tiberias restaurant
Tilapia go by many names. The moniker "St. Peter's fish" comes from the story in the Christian Bible about the apostle Peter catching a fish that carried a shekel coin in its mouth, though the passage does not name the fish. While the name also applies to Zeus faber, a marine fish not found in the area, one tilapia species (Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus) is found in the Sea of Galilee, where the author of the Gospel of Matthew implies the supposed account took place. This species has been the target of small-scale artisanal fisheries in the area for thousands of years. In some Asian countries including the Philippines, large tilapia go by pla-pla while their smaller brethren are just tilapia.
Aquaculture
Main article: Tilapia in aquaculture
Tilapia is the third most important fish in aquaculture after carps and salmonids, with production reaching 1,505,804 metric tons in 2002. Because of their large size, rapid growth, and palatability, tilapiine cichlids are the focus of major aquaculture efforts, specifically various species of Oreochromis, Sarotherodon, and Tilapia, collectively known colloquially as tilapias. Like other large fish, they are a good source of protein and a popular target for artisanal and commercial fisheries. Most such fisheries were originally found in Africa, but outdoor aquaculture projects in tropical countries such as Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Indonesia are underway in freshwater lakes. In temperate zone localities, tilapiine farming operations require energy to warm the water to tropical temperatures. One method uses waste heat from factories and power stations.
Commercially grown tilapia are almost exclusively male. Cultivators use hormones such as testosterone to reverse the sex of newly spawned females. Because tilapia are prolific breeders the presence of female tilapia results in rapidly increasing populations of small fish, rather than a stable population of harvest-size animals.
Whole Tilapia fish can be processed into skinless, boneless (PBO) fillets: the yield is from 30 percent to 37 percent, depending on fillet size and final trim. The use of tilapia in the commercial food industry has led to the virtual extinction of genetically pure bloodlines. Most wild tilapia today are hybrids of several species.
Nutrition
Tilapia have very low levels of mercury as they are a fast-growing and short-lived fish that mostly eats a vegetarian diet and therefore do not accumulate mercury found in prey.
Tilapia is a low total fat, low saturated fat, low calorie, low carbohydrate and low sodium protein source. It is also an excellent source of Phosphorus, Niacin, Selenium, Vitamin B12 and Potassium.
Exotic species
Main article: Tilapia as exotic species
Tilapia are unable to survive in low temperate climates because they require warm water. The pure strain of the Blue Tilapia, Oreochromis aureus, has the greatest cold tolerance and dies at 45 F (7 C) while all other species of tilapia will die at a range of 52-62F. As a result, they cannot invade temperate habitats and disrupt native ecologies in temperate zones; however, they have spread widely beyond their points of introduction in many fresh and brackish tropical and subtropical habitats, often disrupting native species significantly. Because of this, tilapia are on the IUCN's 100 of the World's Worst Alien Invasive Species list. In the United States, tilapia can live only in extreme southern Florida and a few other isolated areas such as power plant discharge zones. Many state fish and wildlife agencies in the United States, Australia, South Africa and elsewhere consider them an invasive species.
Uses other than supplying food
Tilapia serve as a natural, biological control for most aquatic plant problems. Tilapia consume floating aquatic plants, such as duckweed watermeal (Lemna sp.), most "undesirable" submerged plants and most forms of algae. In the United States and countries such as Thailand, Tilapia are becoming the plant control method of choice, reducing/eliminating the use of toxic chemicals and heavy metal-based algaecides. Tilapia are also known as the aquaitic worlds "shitmouths", as they are known to consume at least 6 times their own body weight in other fish species fecal matter.
Tilapia rarely compete with other "pond" fish for food. Instead, because tilapia consume plants and nutrients unused by other fish species and substantially reduce oxygen depleting detritus, adding tilapia often increases the population, size and health of other fish.
Arizona stocks tilapia in the canals that serve as the drinking water sources for the cities of Phoenix, Mesa and others. The fish help purify the water by consuming vegetation and detritus, greatly reducing purification costs.
Arkansas stocks many public ponds and lakes to help with vegetation control, as a robust forage species and for anglers.
In Kenya tilapia help control mosquitoes which cause malaria. They consume mosquito larvae, which reduces the numbers of adult females, the disease vector
Tilapia also provide an abundant food source for aquatic predators.
In aquaria
Larger tilapia species are generally viewed as poor community aquarium fish because they eat plants, dig up the bottom and fight with other fish. However, tilapia are often raised in aquariums as a food source due to their rapid growth and tolerance for high stocking densities and poor water quality. The smaller West African species, such as Tilapia joka and those species from the crater lakes of Cameroon are more popular. In specialized cichlid aquaria tilapias can be mixed successfully with non-territorial cichlids, armoured catfish, tinfoil barbs, garpike and other robust but peaceful fish. Some species, including Tilapia buttikoferi, Tilapia rendalli,Tilapia mariae,Tilapia joka and the brackish-water Sarotherodon melanotheron melanotheron, which have attractive patterns and are quite decorative.
See also
Tilapia in aquaculture
Footnotes
^ Chapman, Frank A. (July 1992). "Culture of Hybrid Tilapia: A Reference Profile". Circular 1051. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/FA012. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
^ "Genera Summary: Tilapia". Catalog of Fish - W.N. Eschmeyer; California Academy of Sciences. FishBase. June 2007. http://www.fishbase.org/Eschmeyer/GeneraSummary.cfm?ID=Tilapia. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
^ Matthew 17:2427
^ Baker, Jenny (1988). Simply Fish. London: Faber & Faber. pp. 197.
^ Rosencrans, Joyce (2003-07-16). "Tilapia is a farmed fish of biblical fame". The Cincinnati Post (E. W. Scripps Company). Archived from the original on 2006-02-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20060218163036/http://www.cincypost.com/2003/07/16/tilap071603.html. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
^ Fessehaye, Yonas (2006) (PDF). Natural mating in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) Implications for reproductive success, inbreeding, and cannibalism. Wageningen: Wageningen UR. pp. 150 pp.. ISBN 90-8504-540-1. http://library.wur.nl/wasp/bestanden/LUWPUBRD_00349729_A502_001.pdf.
^ GO FISH, Egyptian Style - Ag Innovation News
^ Commercial rasied and processed Tilapia
^ Different Processing Styles of Tilapia Fillets
^ Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish, USFDA, May 2001; Updated February 2006
^, Global Invasive Species Programme, Invasive Species Information, Tilapia
^, IUCN/Species Survival Commmision, Invasive Species Specialist Group, 100 of the World's Worst Alien Invasive Species
^, Global Invasive Species Database, Tilapia
^
^ Petr, T (2000). "Interactions between fish and aquatic macrophytes in inland waters. A review.". FAO Fisheries Technical Papers 396.
^ "Keeping Tilapia in Aquariums". Tilapia. AC Tropical Fish. 2008. http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/tilapia/aquariums.php. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
References
FAO Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Service (1993). "Aquaculture production (1985-1991)". FAO Fisheries Circular (FAO) 815: 2021.
Trewavas, Ethelwynn (1983): Tilapiine fish of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. Published by the British Museum (Natural History), London. 583 pages. ISBN 0-565-00878-1
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tilapia
Tilapia en Hidalgo
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Principal commercial fishery species groups
Wild
Large pelagic fish
Mackerel Salmon Shark Swordfish Tuna (yellowfin, bigeye, bluefin, albacore and skipjack)
Forage fish
Anchovy Capelin Herring Hilsa Menhaden Sardines Shad
Demersal fish
Catfish Cod (Atlantic, Pacific) Flatfish (flounder, halibut, plaice, sole and turbot) Haddock Mullet Orange roughy Pollock Smelt-whitings Toothfish
Freshwater fish
Carp Sturgeon Tilapia Trout
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Crustaceans
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Echinoderms
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Farmed
Carp (bighead, common, crucian, grass, silver) Catfish Freshwater prawns Mussels Oysters Salmon (Atlantic, salmon trout, coho, chinook) Tilapia Shrimp
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Categories: Tilapiini | Aquaculture | Philippine cuisine | Edible fish | Commercial fish | Invasive animal species
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