Antarctic Territory
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Iceberg, Australian Antarctic Territory, Antarctica $24.99 Iceberg, Australian Antarctic Territory, Antarctica Photographic Print by Pete Oxford. Product size approximately 12 x 16 inches. Available at Art.com. Embrace your Space – your source for high quality fine art posters and prints. |
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Emperor Penguins, Cape Darnley, Australian Antarctic Territory, Antarctica $24.99 Emperor Penguins, Cape Darnley, Australian Antarctic Territory, Antarctica Photographic Print by Pete Oxford. Product size approximately 12 x 16 inches. Available at Art.com. Embrace your Space – your source for high quality fine art posters and prints. |
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The Race to the White Continent: Voyages to the Antarctic $3.94 In the 1830s, much of the world was still unexplored territory to European and American travelers, and the forbidding Antarctic region represented perhaps the ultimate mystery. Was there, in fact, a new polar continent where James Cook during his voyages of the 1770s had encountered only "Firm Field and Vast Mountains of Ice?" The prospect of discovering a lucrative whaling ground made this as yet uncharted and unexploited region especially enticing. Three expeditions to the pole were launched simultaneously by the United States, France, and Britain, each nation vying to be the first to forge a path through the pack ice and venture farther south than any vessel had ever sailed before. The leaders of these expeditions paved the way for the explorers, traders, and whalers of what was to become known as the "Heroic Age" of Antarctic exploration. The Race to the White Continent is a colorful and captivating account of their travels and adventures. |
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58mm Round Badge Style Fridge Magnet British Antarctic Territory Flag $2.99 … |
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British Antarctic Territory Flag Clear Acrylic Fridge Magnet 2.75 inches x 2 inches $2.99 UK Produced decorative item…. |
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Antactic, South Photo Mugs Antactic, South Georgia Island, Cooper Bay, Macaroni penguin couple on tussock grass…. |
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Historical South Pole Expedition: Antarctica, 1939 – 1941 $7.99 Antarctica is a barren, ice laden, land that remains a mystery to explorers. In 1939 Admiral Byrd led an expedition via ship to discover and collect data on that perpetually winter touched landscape. “Antarctica, 1939-1941,” though silent, captures the viewer through striking images of landscape of the journey south as well as life on the base when they arrive. Scenes include the loading of their … |
Scientific Discovery and Antarctica by John Chambers
In all parts of Antarctica, countries whose primary industry is whaling, claimed large portions of land. The peninsula of Antarctica is a place where Britain, Argentina, and Chile all find themselves vying for stretches of land. Other countries that have claims to this area include France, New Zealand, Norway and.
In 1940, the Nazis in Germany ordered airplanes to send stakes emblazoned with swastikas down to the land in order to claim it on behalf of the Third Reich. With the world pre-occupied by WWII, Antarcitica found itself alone except for the whalers who came to hunt the great animals. However, celestial events occurred that allowed science to come back to Antarctica for a long time.
It was the Geophysical Year of 1957-58 that spurred scientists and world governments to converge on the continent of Antarctica, as it's unique vantage point of the southern hole in the Earth's magnetic field, allowed them to conduct research of the amplified solar radiation reaching the earth due to extremely high sunspot activity. This movement involved 67 Different Countries visiting the continent for research purposes.
Thanks to the high level of teamwork and cooperation among these visitors, negotiations soon began, which culminated in the Antarctic Treaty, an amazing international agreement still marveled at today.
This treaty sets preserves and saves Antarctica for the sole purpose of peaceful research, and was signed in 1959 by countries that had key, vested interests in the continent. No waste dumping or nuclear bomb tests would be permitted on Antarctica.
All military activity was limited to that of scientific support. There would be no further talk of territorial claim staking.
The superpowers of this era did not step forward to assert claims or otherwise interfere, although they did reserve the right to make claims in the future. This open-ended action discouraged smaller countries from pushing forth their own territorial claims on the area.
In the decades that followed, nations and business organizations started to desire the natural resources thought to be in Antarctica. The number of national bases continues to grow, particularly on the Antarctica Peninsula and the islands that lay off its shore. The population on the continent reaches a maximum of around 5,000 during the summer months, and they pack the science stations that sprawl across this area.
It was during the 1960's and 1970's that Poland, Chile, Argentina, Britain, Italy, the United States, and the Soviet Union began setting up bases on King George Island. It was not until the1980's that china, South Korea, Brazil, Uruguay, and Peru officially started their bases.
These bases were technically engaged in scientific experiments and studies, but they also served to mark claims on territory. In other words the bases also allowed each country to create "squatters rights."
Political motivation for inhabiting Antarctica began to evolve away from resource exploitation to that of scientific exploration by the 1980's. The oceans have long been recognized as belonging to the world rather than any one country, and Antarctica is becoming the same way. Discovered by Britain's Halley Bay Antarctic base, the hole in the ozone layer is proof that the atmosphere does incur damage, in the form of cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation, from industrial activity.
This discovery paved the way for an international accord that was signed in 1987. This agreement aimed to gradually eliminate those chemicals that have been found to degrade the ozone layer. This was to be done by the year 2000.
With this revelation, science bases in Antarctica were suddenly much more valuable, as their ability to accurately monitor carbon emissions and the greenhouse effect were amazing. The whaling industry was also encountering massive public outrage in the 1980's, leading to the idea of establishing Antarctica as a world park, and thereby protecting it further.
Exploitation of the continent for oil and gas exploration and mining, and any other irreversible exploitation, was banned by the Antarctic Treaty in 1991, and nations agreed to observe this treaty for a minimum of fifty years. Environmental concern was elevated to the same priority as scientific research on the continent. This same country that once helped to move the Industrial Revolution through whaling is now helping man learn how to better take care of the planet and its resources.
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1933 in International Relations: States and Territories Established in 1933, Treaties Concluded in 1933, Treaties Entered Into Force in 1933 $21.45 Used - Chapters: States and Territories Established in 1933, Treaties Concluded in 1933, Treaties Entered Into Force in 1933, Nazi Germany, Montevideo Convention, Estado Novo, First East Turkestan Republic, Gau Swabia, Reichskonkordat, Gau Munchen-Oberbayern, Australian Antarctic Territory, Free State of Prussia, Fujian People's Government, Tanggu Truce, Four-Power Pact, Gau Bayreuth, Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs, Gau Westmark, Gau Eas |
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1933 in International Relations: States and Territories Established in 1933, Treaties Concluded in 1933, Treaties Entered Into Force in 1933 $23.99 New - Chapters: States and Territories Established in 1933, Treaties Concluded in 1933, Treaties Entered Into Force in 1933, Nazi Germany, Montevideo Convention, Estado Novo, First East Turkestan Republic, Gau Swabia, Reichskonkordat, Gau Munchen-Oberbayern, Australian Antarctic Territory, Free State of Prussia, Fujian People's Government, Tanggu Truce, Four-Power Pact, Gau Bayreuth, Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs, Gau Westmark, Gau East |